Association between urinary arsenic species and vitamin D deficiency: a cross-sectional study in Chinese pregnant women

An increasing number of studies suggest that environmental pollution may increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency (VDD). However, less is known about arsenic (As) exposure and VDD, particularly in Chinese pregnant women. This study examines the correlations of different urinary As species with serum 25 (OH) D and VDD prevalence. We measured urinary arsenite (As ), arsenate (As ), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) levels and serum 25(OH)D , 25(OH)D , 25(OH) D levels in 391 pregnant women in Tianjin, China. The diagnosis of VDD was based on 25(OH) D serum levels. Linear relationship, Logistic regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to examine the associations between urinary As species and VDD. Of the 391 pregnant women, 60 received a diagnosis of VDD. Baseline information showed significant differences in As , DMA, and tAs distribution between pregnant women with and without VDD. Logistic regression showed that As was significantly and positively correlated with VDD (OR: 4.65, 95% CI: 1.79, 13.32). Meanwhile, there was a marginally significant positive correlation between tAs and VDD (OR: 4.27, 95% CI: 1.01, 19.59). BKMR revealed positive correlations between As , MMA and VDD. However, negative correlations were found between As , DMA and VDD. According to our study, there were positive correlations between iAs, especially As , MMA and VDD, but negative correlations between other As species and VDD. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms that exist between different As species and VDD.