Effects of Osseodensification Protocols on Insertion Torques and the Resonance Frequency Analysis of Conical-Shaped Implants: An In Vitro Study on Polyurethane Foam Blocks

Bone density at the implant site is correlated to the success of osseointegration. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of osseodensification burs in increasing bone density using a solid polyurethane foam block model. The osseodensification burs kit was used to perform 48 osteotomies on a rigid polyurethane foam test ground. Burs were utilized on a TMM2 implant motor for data collection. The osteotomies were divided into two study groups (A and C) in which implant sites, extended 12 and 14 mm deep, respectively, were prepared using the drills to a compaction rotation; two control groups, B and D, represented the osteotomies for which the drills were used in cutting direction. A 3.8 × 12 mm conical implant was inserted into each site; for each implant, data were collected on the peak torque (Cp), mean torque (Cm), and integral depth curve (I). The implants underwent resonance frequency analysis (RFA) to assess the implant stability quotient (ISQ). Correlation analysis was performed between I, Cm, Cp and ISQ. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify statistically significant differences between groups. Group C, representing osteotomies prepared at 14 mm with osseodensification burs, showed a significantly higher value for each parameter. Implants at sites obtained with osteocondensation drills and prepared at greater depth for autologous particle grafting showed significant increases in each implant stability parameter.