Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Nanofluid with Rod-like Particles in Turbulent Flows through a Curved Pipe

Pressure drop, heat transfer, and energy performance of ZnO/water nanofluid with rodlike particles flowing through a curved pipe are studied in the range of Reynolds number 5000 ≤ ≤ 30,000, particle volume concentration 0.1% ≤ ≤ 5%, Schmidt number 10 ≤ ≤ 3 × 10 , particle aspect ratio 2 ≤ ≤ 14, and Dean number 5 × 10 ≤ ≤ 1.5 × 10 . The momentum and energy equations of nanofluid, together with the equation of particle number density for particles, are solved numerically. Some results are validated by comparing with the experimental results. The effect of , , , , and on the friction factor and Nusselt number is analyzed. The results showed that the values of are increased with increases in , , and , and with decreases in and . The heat transfer performance is enhanced with increases in , , , and , and with decreases in . The ratio of energy PEC for nanofluid to base fluid is increased with increases in , , , and , and with decreases in . Finally, the formula of ratio of energy PEC for nanofluid to base fluid as a function of , , , , and is derived based on the numerical data.