Direct choline administration in semi-intensive pisciculture system: A positive contaminant

Present work evaluated the possible impact of choline on metabolic enzymes of cultured fish species into a semi-intensive pond culture system, reared with Catla catla (catla), Labeo rohita (rahu), Clarias batracus (magur) and Anabas testudineus (climbing perch) for 90 days in two seasons. Choline was added directly into the pond water periodically throughout the experimental tenure. The water quality parameters of each experimental pond were monitored and were analyzed in 15 days interval throughout the experimental tenure in both the seasons. Results were compared with treatment as choline-fed and control as non-choline-fed conditions during breeding (June–Aug.) and dry (Nov.–Jan.) seasons. The metabolic enzymes, viz., LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase), MDH (Malate dehydrogenase), and G6PDH (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activities in the muscle, liver, and AchE (Acetylcholine esterase) activity in the brain and muscle revealed maximum significantly (p