Description of antibiotic treatment in adults tested for Clostridioides difficile infection: a single-center case-control study

Diagnosing Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is complicated. There have been reports on effects of compliance with anti-C. difficile prescription guidelines on patient outcomes. However, the causes of non-adherence and their impact on outcomes have rarely been explored. Therefore, an investigation on the risk factors for non-adherence with treatment guidelines and their influence on recurrence is important. This case-control study was conducted with patients with a positive C. difficile culture from March 2020 to April 2021. We conducted analysis based on treatment categories using factors associated with recurrent CDI as variables. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for non-adherence with treatment guidelines. In total, culture positive stool samples from 172 patients were analyzed. Having positive glutamate dehydrogenase antigen (GDH Ag), negative toxin enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and positive nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) (GDH+/toxin EIA-/NAAT +) results were associated with both under- (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.49 [95% CI 1.62-7.51], p = 0.001) and over-treatment (aOR 0.17 [95% CI 0.06-0.48], p = 0.001). Patients with refractory diarrhea were over treated (aOR 2.71 [95% CI 1.02-7.20], p = 0.046). Patients with an increased risk of CDI recurrence were not over treated. Our results suggest that non-adherence with CDI treatment guidelines depends on the duration of symptoms and rapid EIA test results. Patients with an increased risk of recurrence were neglected.