The Impact of Different Exercise Modes in Fitness and Cognitive Indicators: Hybrid versus Tele-Exercise in Patients with Long Post-COVID-19 Syndrome

The purpose of our study was to obtain evidence that an unsupervised tele-exercise program (TE ) via an online platform is a feasible alternative to a hybrid mode of supervised and unsupervised exercise (HE ) sessions for improving fitness indexes, respiratory and cognitive functions, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients recovering from COVID-19. Forty-nine patients with long post-COVID-19 were randomly divided into two groups (HE : n = 24, age 60.0 ± 9.5 years versus TE : n = 25, age 58.7 ± 9.5 years). For each patient, we collected data from body composition, oxidative stress, pulmonary function, physical fitness, and cognitive function before and after the 12-week exercise rehabilitation program (ERP). Our data showed differences in both groups before and after 12-week ERP on fitness indicators, body composition, and pulmonary function indicators. Our findings demonstrated differences between groups after 12-week ERP on adjustment in the domains of cognitive function (HE increased the "visuospatial" domain: 3.2 ± 1.1 versus 3.5 ± 0.8 score, = 0.008 and TE increased the "memory" domain: 3.3 ± 1.0 versus 3.8 ± 0.5 score, = 0.003; after 12-week ERP showed differences between groups in domain "attention" TE : 4.8 ± 1.5 versus HE : 3.6 ± 1.8 score, = 0.014) and the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (HE increased the percent of predicted values at 0.5 ± 32.3% and TE at 26.0 ± 33.1%, < 0.001). These findings may be attributed to the different ways of learning exercise programs, resulting in the recruitment of different neural circuits.