Roles of macular carotenoids in brain function throughout the lifespan: A review of recent research

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin are carotenoids stored in the macular pigment of the retina, recognized for their essential role in maintaining optimal eye health. These carotenoids contribute to increased macular pigment density, providing protection against oxidative damage to the retina. Recent studies have unveiled potential cognitive health benefits of lutein and zeaxanthin, as they act as antioxidants in neural tissue. This review aims to comprehensively assess the current research investigating the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on cognitive and macular function across various stages of life. During infancy and childhood, lutein and zeaxanthin are thought to facilitate the development of the eyes and brain, although the precise underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In adulthood and older age, lutein and zeaxanthin assume a protective role for both brain and macular tissues. Their antioxidant properties effectively shield these tissues from oxidative stress and consequent damage. Consequently, lutein and zeaxanthin play crucial supportive and protective roles throughout an individual's lifespan.