Functional and Molecular Characterization of Mechanoinsensitive “Silent” Nociceptors

Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia (pain hypersensitivity) are cardinal signs of inflammation. Although the mechanism underlying thermal hyperalgesia is well understood, the cellular and molecular basis of mechanical hyperalgesia is poorly described. Here, we have identified a subset of peptidergic C-fiber nociceptors that are insensitive to noxious mechanical stimuli under normal conditions but become sensitized to such stimuli when exposed to the inflammatory mediator nerve growth factor (NGF). Strikingly, NGF did not affect mechanosensitivity of other nociceptors. We show that these mechanoinsensitive “silent” nociceptors are characterized by the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 (CHRNA3) and that the mechanically gated ion channel PIEZO2 mediates NGF-induced mechanosensitivity in these neurons. Retrograde tracing revealed that CHRNA3+ nociceptors account for ∼50% of all peptidergic nociceptive afferents innervating visceral organs and deep somatic tissues. Hence, our data suggest that NGF-induced “un-silencing” of CHRNA3+ nociceptors significantly contributes to the development of mechanical hyperalgesia during inflammation. [Display omitted] •A molecular marker for mechanoinsensitive “silent” nociceptors•About 50% of all nociceptors in visceral organs and deep somatic tissues are “silent”•NGF sensitizes silent, but not other, nociceptors to mechanical stimuli•PIEZO2 is required for mechanosensitivity in silent nociceptors Prato et al. find that mechanoinsensitive nociceptors account for ∼50% of all nociceptors in visceral organs and deep somatic tissues and are sensitized to mechanical stimuli by the inflammatory mediator NGF, suggesting that they significantly contribute to inflammation-induced mechanical hyperalgesia.