Harnessing nanotechnology for enhanced epilepsy management

Epilepsy, a condition characterized by unprovoked, recurrent seizures, currently has no cure, with treatments ranging from medications to treatment modalities such as antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and vagus nerve stimulation, as well as ketogenic diet and surgical procedures. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have introduced groundbreaking approaches to epilepsy treatment, including targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions. Nanocarrier systems—such as nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes—enhance drug specificity for brain delivery, improving the therapeutic efficacy and reducing off-target toxicity. New developments in nanocarrier systems for AEDs, including phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and valproate, demonstrate increased brain penetration, solubility, and controlled drug release, offering promising benefits in epilepsy management. Nanotechnology also advances diagnostic capabilities with nano-sensitive devices such as enhanced electroencephalography and biomarker technologies, enabling more personalized monitoring and treatment. Prospects include nanodroplet drug delivery, neural repair with nanomaterials, and highly individualized epilepsy therapies. These innovations could significantly improve traditional treatments, patient outcomes, and quality of life, underscoring the importance of collaboration among healthcare providers, scientists, and technologists to maximize their potential. Efforts have been made to present epilepsy and its management graphically.