The effects of nicotine withdrawal on exercise-related physical ability and sports performance in nicotine addicts: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Previous research has established that nicotine withdrawal can ameliorate cardiovascular and pulmonary function in smokers. Nevertheless, the impact on physical fitness and athletic performance remains under-investigated. To evaluating the impacts of nicotine withdrawal on both exercise performance and exercise-associated physical capabilities in nicotine-dependent individuals. A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. The data was compiled from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and EBSCO. The selection criteria required studies to elucidate the effects of nicotine withdrawal on exercise performance or exercise-related physical abilities. Moreover, the selected studies needed to provide discernible experimental results. The random effects model was employed in data analysis, utilizing the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to estimate participants' exercise performance and physical abilities, referencing the Mean ±SD during baseline and withdrawal states. Out of the selected studies, 10 trials were included, encompassing 13,538 participants aged 18 to 65 years. The findings suggest that nicotine withdrawal could potentially enhance sports performance (SMD = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.88; I^2 = 83%), particularly in terms of aerobic capacity. Short-term nicotine withdrawal (spanning 12 to 24 hours) might lead to a decline in participants' physical abilities in certain aspects like reaction time and sustained attention (SMD = -0.83, 95% CI: -1.91 to 0.25; I^2 = 79%), whereas long-term withdrawal (lasting 48 hours or more) demonstrated an opposing trend (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.39; I^2 = 81%). Overall, the results show that long-term nicotine withdrawal exhibited some positive impacts on sports performance and exercise-related physical ability, with the withdrawal duration being an indicator of subsequent physical performance. Mid- to long-term (≥3 months) nicotine withdrawal significantly improved the exercisers' exercise-related physical ability and sports performance. Conversely, short-term (≤24 hours) nicotine withdrawal considerably hampered exercisers' performance and physical cognition. It is suggested that exercises avoid abrupt nicotine cessation prior to competitions, as long-term nicotine withdrawal has been shown to significantly enhance exercise-related physiological capacities and athletic performance. By referring to existing literatures we also found tha