Effectiveness of movement representation techniques in non-specific shoulder pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the effects of movement representation techniques (MRT) on pain, range of motion, functional outcomes, and pain-related fear in patients with non-specific shoulder pain (NSSP). A literature search conducted in PubMed, PEDro, EBSCO, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and gray literature on April 31, 2023. We selected seven randomized controlled trials based on the PICOS framework. Incomplete data or non-NSSP excluded. Study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale (mean score = 6.43), and certainty of evidence was evaluated with the GRADE approach. MRT demonstrated a large effect size for pain reduction (high heterogeneity, I2 = 85.2%, Hedges’g = 1.324, 95% CI = 0.388–2.260, P = 0.006), functional improvement (moderate heterogeneity, I2 = 70.82%, Hedges’g = 1.263, 95% CI = 0.622–1.904, P