R-spondin-1 induces Axin degradation via the LRP6-CK1ε axis

R-spondins (RSPOs) are secreted signaling molecules that potentiate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by cooperating with Wnt ligands. RSPO1 is crucial in tissue development and tissue homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism by which RSPOs activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling remains elusive. In this study, we found that RSPOs could mediate the degradation of Axin through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The results of Co-IP showed that the recombinant RSPO1 protein promoted the interaction between Axin1 and CK1ε. Either knockout of the CK1ε gene or treatment with the CK1δ/CK1ε inhibitor SR3029 caused an increase in Axin1 protein levels and attenuated RSPO1-induced degradation of the Axin1 protein. Moreover, we observed an increase in the number of associations of LRP6 with CK1ε and Axin1 following RSPO1 stimulation. Overexpression of LRP6 further potentiated Axin1 degradation mediated by RSPO1 or CK1ε. In addition, recombinant RSPO1 and Wnt3A proteins synergistically downregulated the protein expression of Axin1 and enhanced the transcriptional activity of the SuperTOPFlash reporter. Taken together, these results uncover the novel mechanism by which RSPOs activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling through LRP6/CK1ε-mediated degradation of Axin.