Continuous video capture, and pollinia tracking, in Platanthera (Orchidaceae) reveal new insect visitors and potential pollinators

Orchids often have specific pollinators, which should provide reproductive isolation, yet many produce natural hybrids. and differ in floral morphology but often co-occur, overlap in flowering, and are reputed parents of . We used motion-triggered video detection units to monitor floral visitors of and on Vancouver Island, Canada. Pollinia removal in was observed using histochemical staining, and cross-pollinations were performed to determine compatibility. From 1,152 h, 753 videos were recorded; 655 contained insects and 91 contained arachnids. Bumblebees, butterflies, and moths removed pollinia from . No pollinia removal was observed from . Five videos showed insects moving between species. Pollinia removal rates were low. Hand-pollinations resulted in capsule development and seed production. This study adds to the known diversity of insects interacting with these orchids, and highlights regional differences in floral visitors.