Complex WGM frequencies of gyroelectric cylindrical resonators

Asymptotic closed‐form expressions for calculating complex transverse electric (TE)/transverse magnetic (TM) whispering gallery mode (WGM) frequencies in homogeneous gyroelectric circular cylindrical resonators of infinite length are derived. In addition, a volume integral equation (VIE)‐cylindrical Dini series expansion method is extended to support the prediction of complex WGMs for continuously varying highly inhomogeneous gyroelectric circular cylindrical resonators. To this end, the entire domain orthogonal vectorial basis of VIE is extended to support very large indices of the involved Dini‐type cylindrical vector wave functions via asymptotic closed‐form expressions. This way, the eigenbasis required to solve the VIE becomes free of numerical instabilities arising when very large orders of the involved Bessel functions are employed. The complex frequencies obtained by the asymptotic closed‐form expressions for the case of the homogeneous gyroelectric resonator, as well as those obtained by the VIE when the multilayered gyroelectric resonator is reduced to one layer, are validated by comparisons with the complex roots extracted by numerically solving the TE/TM characteristic equations obtained from the separation of variables method, using complex root finding techniques. We demonstrate the calculation of very high‐order WGM frequencies for cylindrical resonators composed of homogeneous and highly inhomogeneous permittivity profiles. This asymptotic theory constitutes a rigorous tool that may serve for verifying method of analytical regularisation–based numerical solutions for other non‐circular inhomogeneous cylinders, and for interpreting experimental data for applications such as WGM lasing, refractometric sensing, and magneto‐optic coupling.