A novel metabarcoding primer pair for environmental DNA analysis of Cephalopoda (Mollusca) targeting the nuclear 18S rRNA region

Cephalopods are pivotal components of marine food webs, but biodiversity studies are hampered by challenges to sample these agile marine molluscs. Metabarcoding of environmental DNA (eDNA) is a potentially powerful technique to study oceanic cephalopod biodiversity and distribution but has not been applied thus far. We present a novel universal primer pair for metabarcoding cephalopods from eDNA, (Forward: 5'-CGC GGC GCT ACA TAT TAG AC-3', Reverse: 5'-GCA CTT AAC CGA CCG TCG AC-3'). The primer pair targets the hypervariable region V2 of the nuclear 18S rRNA gene and amplifies a relatively short target sequence of approximately 200 bp in order to allow the amplification of degraded DNA. tests on a reference database and empirical tests on DNA extracts from cephalopod tissue estimate that 44-66% of cephalopod species, corresponding to about 310-460 species, can be amplified and identified with this primer pair. A multi-marker approach with the novel and two previously published cephalopod mitochondrial 16S rRNA primer sets targeting the same region (Jarman . 2006 , 268-271; Peters . 2015 , 1428-1439) is estimated to amplify and identify 89% of all cephalopod species, of which an estimated 19% can only be identified by . All sequences obtained with were submitted to GenBank, resulting in new 18S rRNA sequences for 13 cephalopod taxa.