Public expenditure composition and fiscal decentralization in Brazilian local governments: an analysis through unconditional quantile regression with longitudinal data

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of increasing fiscal decentralization on the composition of public expenditures of Brazilian local governments. The research is innovative, demonstrating that the heterogeneity of expenditure scale influences the correlation between fiscal decentralization and public expenditure of local governments. The sample consisted of unbalanced panel data of 5,565 municipalities for 17 years from 2000 to 2016. The analysis used unconditional quantile regression with panel data. The main findings were: (i) fiscal decentralization affects public expenditure in Brazilian local governments. However, this effect depends on local expenditure scale and fiscal decentralization strategy. For example, the median coefficient was negative in personnel expenditures, and the effect was positive for the third quartile of local governments, when fiscal decentralization was measured by the tax revenue over total revenue. On the other hand, the effects were also positive for median and third quartile regarding intergovernmental transfers per capita like proxy of fiscal decentralization; (ii) the measures (proxies) of fiscal decentralization are correlated with the composition of public expenditure; (iii) in median terms, fiscal decentralization has greater effects on investment expenditures than on current and personnel expenditures; and (iv) in median terms, the tax revenue participation promotes an increase in administrative and planning expenditures instead of expenditures in social functions. Fiscal decentralization measured by intergovernmental transfer per capita has more positive effects on social functions than on legislative and administrative functions. Resumo Este artigo teve por objetivo investigar o efeito do aumento da descentralização fiscal na composição do gasto público dos governos locais brasileiros. A pesquisa inovou ao demonstrar que a heterogeneidade da escala do gasto influencia na correlação entre a descentralização fiscal e a composição do gasto público dos governos locais. A amostra foi composta por um painel de dados desbalanceado com 5.565 municípios durante 17 anos, correspondente ao período de 2000 a 2016. A análise foi realizada por meio da regressão quantílica incondicional. Os principais resultados foram: (i) a descentralização fiscal afeta nos gastos públicos dos governos locais brasileiros, contudo o tipo de efeito depende da escala do gasto local e da estratégia de descentralização fiscal. Por exemplo, no