Mode of Infection of Metarhizium spp. Fungus and Their Potential as Biological Control Agents

Chemical insecticides have been commonly used to control agricultural pests, termites, and biological vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. However, the harmful impacts of toxic chemical insecticides on the environment, the development of resistance in pests and vectors towards chemical insecticides, and public concern have driven extensive research for alternatives, especially biological control agents such as fungus and bacteria. In this review, the mode of infection of fungus on both terrestrial and aquatic insect larvae and how these interactions have been widely employed will be outlined. The potential uses of and biological control agents and molecular approaches to increase their virulence will be discussed.