Reprogramming cell fates by small molecules

Reprogramming cell fates towards pluripotent stem cells and other cell types has revolutionized our under- standing of cellular plasticity. During the last decade, transcription factors and microRNAs have become powerful reprogramming factors for modulating cell fates. Recently, many efforts are focused on repro- gramming cell fates by non-viral and non-integrating chemical approaches. Small molecules not only are useful in generating desired cell types in vitro for vari- ous applications, such as disease modeling and cell- based transplantation, but also hold great promise to be further developed as drugs to stimulate patients＇ endogenous cells to repair and regenerate in vivo. Here we will focus on chemical approaches for generating induced pluripotent stem cells, neurons, cardiomy- ocytes, hepatocytes and pancreatic is cells. Significantly, the rapid and exciting advances in cellular reprogramming by small molecules will help us to achieve the long-term goal of curing devastating diseases, injuries, cancers and aging.