Immersive quantum: A systematic literature review of XR in quantum technology education

Recent advancements in quantum technology have created an urgent need for skilled professionals in this field, necessitating innovative educational approaches. This systematic literature review investigates the integration of Extended Reality (XR), including Virtual and Augmented Reality, in quantum technology education. We analyzed 19 shortlisted articles from major digital libraries using comprehensive methodologies, including refined search strings, rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as manual filtering. Our analysis highlights the application of XR technology across various quantum disciplines, predominantly quantum computing and quantum chemistry, at different educational levels, with a focus on university-level education. Notably, our review reveals a dominance of design-development research, a scarcity of empirical studies and a significant absence of educational learning theories as foundational frameworks. Additionally, we identify critical gaps in the current research landscape, including limited focus on immersive design elements and learner engagement strategies. The findings point towards emerging opportunities for future research, emphasizing the need for more empirical studies, intervention features and a holistic integration of educational learning theories. This review serves as a roadmap for advancing XR-based quantum education, fostering innovative research directions and shaping effective teaching practices. •We comprehensively reviewed XR in quantum technology education over a decade.•We identified gaps in XR interventions, such as the duration and frequency of use.•Studies emphasized knowledge acquisition, with less focus on skills or engagement.•Limited integration of learning theories to guide XR quantum education research.•XR application designs often lacked essential instructional and guidance elements