VNIR-SWIR Spectroscopy, XRD and Traditional Analyses for Pedomorphogeological Assessment in a Tropical Toposequence

Tropical climate conditions favor landscape evolution and the formation of highly weathered soils under different pedogenic processes due to certain differential properties. Traditional analysis coupled with VNIR-SWIR reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analyses can reveal such characteristics. Several researchers cited throughout this study already discussed the possible applications of analyses in this field. All agree that integrated knowledge (holistic) can drive the future of the soil sciences. However, few refer to the potential of soil spectroscopy in deriving pedogenetic information. Thus, this paper aimed to assess pedomorphogeological relationships in a representative toposequence of the Brazilian Midwest using traditional analyses and geotechnologies. We performed landscape observations and soil sampling in the field. The laboratory’s physical, chemical, spectral, and mineralogical determinations supported the soil classification according to the World Reference Basis (WRB/FAO) system. Based on the analysis results, we divided five profiles into two soil groups (highly and slightly weathered soils) using Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Traditional analyses determined the diagnostic attributes. Spectroscopic readings from 0.35 to 2.5 µm wavelengths and XRD supported identifying soil attributes and properties. Finally, all soil classes were correlated according to correspondent reflectance spectra and primary pedological attributes. There was a strong correlation between spectral oxide features and X-ray diffraction peaks. The HCA based on oxide content and mineral composition validated the previous soil grouping. Thus, we could assess the pedomorphogeological relationships through VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy, XRD, and traditional analyses concerning pedogenic processes through their correlation with soil properties resulting from these processes. However, periodic measurements are required, making orbital sensing a continuous data source for soil monitoring.