Carotid intima-media thickness, fibroblast growth factor 23, and mineral bone disorder in children with chronic kidney disease

Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is a measure of atherosclerotic vascular disease and a surrogate biomarker for cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mineral and bone disorders (MBD) are complications of CKD, contributing to vascular calcification and accelerated atherosclerosis. Increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-the earliest detectable serum abnormality associated with CKD-MBD-has been linked with cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD. This study aimed to identify factors and analyze the relationship associated with high cIMT, high FGF23, and poor MBD control in children with CKD. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia recruiting children with CKD. The correlations and factors between cIMT, FGF23, and MBD were explored. We recruited 42 children aged 2-18 years old with CKD stages 2 to 5D. There were no significant correlations between cIMT and factors including advanced CKD, use of dialysis, body mass index, hypertension, anemia, MBD, FGF23 levels, and left ventricular mass index (LVMI). Patients with advanced CKD had poorly controlled anemia, hypertension, and higher LVMI. In multivariate analysis, CKD stages, hypertension stages, the presence of MBD, and LVMI were associated with FGF23 levels (p