Method for derivatization and isotopic analysis of the insensitive munition compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO)

[Display omitted] •An offline, low-temperature derivatization method was developed for NTO.•Methylated NTO allows precise and accurate isotopic analyses of C and N by GC-IRMS.•Better evaluation of the environmental fate of NTO is enabled by this method.•This method may be applicable for GC-IRMS analysis of other heterocyclic pollutants. This paper describes an offline low-temperature derivatization method combined with gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) to enable compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of C and N in the explosive compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO). NTO is being used widely as a component of insensitive munition (IM) composites such as IMX-101, a formulation that is being used to replace the more shock sensitive TNT in artillery shells. The alkylation of NTO with methyl iodide (MeI) as the derivatization reagent was performed in acetone solution at room temperature using triethylamine (Et3N) as a base catalyst. The methylated product of NTO derivatization was identified as 4-methyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (MNTO). Accurate and reproducible results were achieved by systematic optimization of MeI and Et3N concentrations and reaction time. Isotopic values of MNTO obtained by GC-IRMS were normalized against those of two 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in-house reference materials that had been calibrated with isotopic standard reference materials, USGS40 and USGS41a. The resulting method detection limit for derivatization/GC-IRMS of NTO was 788ng of NTO, yielding a precision of ±0.3‰ for both δ13C and δ15N values in good agreement with δ13C and δ15N values for NTO determined by elemental analyzer-IRMS.