Forest restoration by different nucleation techniques in Urochloa grassland

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of brushwood, black plastic mulch, herbicide, and artificial perch on the natural regeneration of native species in Urochloa grassland. The experiment was conducted between February 2014 and February 2016 in the Dense Ombrophilous Forest, in the municipality of Morretes, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The treatments were: herbicide, herbicide + perch, black plastic mulch, black plastic mulch + perch, brushwood + herbicide, brushwood + herbicide + perch, and a control treatment. The evaluations were carried out at 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months after the installation of the experiment, by counting and identifying regenerating woody species and estimating visually the percentage of herbaceous coverage. Initially, brushwood and black plastic mulch reduced the Urochloa grasses; however, this effect was lost over time due to the rapid growth of the grasses from the edges to the center of the plots. The use of perches in the treatments does not allow a significant increase of other species because of the continued inhibiting conditions for the establishment of seedlings. The herbicide is effective in removing the grasses; however, the recruitment of woody species is only satisfactory when perches are used to attract the dispersing fauna. For a successful ecological restoration of pastures, there is a need for the local elimination of Urochloa grasses. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os métodos galharia, cobertura por plástico preto, herbicida e poleiro artificial na regeneração natural de espécies nativas em área com pastagem de Urochloa. O experimento foi conduzido entre fevereiro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2016 na Floresta Ombrófila Densa, no município de Morretes, no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os tratamentos foram: herbicida, herbicida + poleiro, cobertura por plástico preto, cobertura por plástico preto + poleiro, galharia + herbicida, galharia + herbicida + poleiro e testemunha. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 4, 8, 12, 18 e 24 meses após a instalação do experimento, com contagem e identificação das espécies lenhosas regenerantes e estimativa visual do percentual de cobertura por herbáceas. Inicialmente, a galharia e a cobertura por plástico preto reduziram as gramíneas Urochloa; entretanto, com o decorrer do tempo, esse efeito se perdeu devido ao rápido crescimento das gramíneas das bordas para o centro das parcelas. O uso de poleiros nos tratamentos não possibilita incremento significativo de