Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Urban Blue-Green Space Publicness in Changsha

Urban Blue-Green Spaces (UBGS) are material carriers that support public life and expand social interactions. It is also a natural place to realize the spatial publicness. In the context of the ecological civilization, China has made specific achievements in constructing a UBGS. However, optimizing its spatial structure and improving the quality of the human environment is only the beginning. Enhancing its publicness and thus strengthening social cohesion, enriching cultural diversity, cultivating the public spirit, and realizing the well-being of humankind on a broader scale is the ultimate goal of UBGS. Drawing on the theories of the human-land relationship and landscape ecology, we established an evaluation system for UBGS publicness based on the "element-function-structure" framework. We used Changsha as an example to explore the UBGS publicness pattern characteristics and influencing factors. The study results are as follows: 1) A UBGS with high publicness should have three significant characteristics: a