Changes in Neurocognitive Architecture in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treated with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic, multisystem disorder that has a bidirectional relationship with several major neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's dementia. Treatment with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) offers some protection from the effects of OSA, although it is still unclear which populations should be targeted, for how long, and what the effects of treatment are on different organ systems. We investigated whether cognitive improvements can be achieved as early as one month into CPAP treatment in patients with OSA. 55 patients (mean (SD) age: 47.6 (11.1) years) with newly diagnosed moderate–severe OSA (Oxygen Desaturation Index: 36.6 (25.2) events/hour; Epworth sleepiness score (ESS): 12.8 (4.9)) and 35 matched healthy volunteers were studied. All participants underwent neurocognitive testing, neuroimaging and polysomnography. Patients were randomized into parallel groups: CPAP with best supportive care (BSC), or BSC alone for one month, after which they were re-tested. One month of CPAP with BSC resulted in a hypertrophic trend in the right thalamus [mean difference (%): 4.04, 95% CI: 1.47 to 6.61], which was absent in the BSC group [−2.29, 95% CI: −4.34 to −0.24]. Significant improvement was also recorded in ESS, in the CPAP plus BSC group, following treatment [mean difference (%): −27.97, 95% CI: −36.75 to −19.19 vs 2.46, 95% CI: −5.23 to 10.15; P=0.012], correlated to neuroplastic changes in brainstem (r=−0.37; P=0.05), and improvements in delayed logical memory scores [57.20, 95% CI: 42.94 to 71.46 vs 23.41, 95% CI: 17.17 to 29.65; P=0.037]. One month of CPAP treatment can lead to adaptive alterations in the neurocognitive architecture that underlies the reduced sleepiness, and improved verbal episodic memory in patients with OSA. We propose that partial neural recovery occurs during short periods of treatment with CPAP. •One month of CPAP treatment leads to adaptive alterations in the neuroanatomy and neurocognition in patients with OSA.•Improvements in sleepiness and verbal episodic memory were demonstrable following only one month of treatment with CPAP.•Our findings support the clinical rationale for the use of CPAP treatment to relieve sleepiness, even for a short duration. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent sleep disorder that has been linked with dementia, stroke and increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment has been shown to be effective