Existence of processes violating causal inequalities on time-delocalised subsystems

It has been shown that it is theoretically possible for there to exist quantum and classical processes in which the operations performed by separate parties do not occur in a well-defined causal order. A central question is whether and how such processes can be realised in practice. In order to provide a rigorous framework for the notion that certain such processes have a realisation in standard quantum theory, the concept of time-delocalised quantum subsystem has been introduced. In this paper, we show that realisations on time-delocalised subsystems exist for all unitary extensions of tripartite processes. This class contains processes that violate causal inequalities, i.e., that can generate correlations that witness the incompatibility with definite causal order in a device-independent manner, and whose realisability has been a central open problem. We consider a known example of such a tripartite classical process that has a unitary extension, and study its realisation on time-delocalised subsystems. We then discuss this finding with regard to the assumptions that underlie causal inequalities, and argue that they are indeed a meaningful concept to show the absence of a definite causal order between the variables of interest. Quantum theory can describe scenarios with an indefinite causal order, but whether such processes could be witnessed in real scenarios by violating causal inequalities is still subject to debate. Here, the authors give an affirmative answer, showing that noncausal processes admit a description using the framework of time-delocalised subsystems.