Flight calls and trills of Evening Grosbeaks can be used to map movements and ranges of call types 1 and 2

Evening Grosbeak ( Coccothraustes vespertinus ) is a species of North American Fringillid finch thought to be one of the fastest declining songbirds across North America. It has been divided into five groups, potentially distinct lineages, based in part on structure of their flight calls. The primary flight calls of each type exhibit structural variation that has not been described and the degree to which that variation might lead to identification errors has not been quantified. We describe the variation in call structure of type 1 Evening Grosbeaks recorded at a spring migratory stopover site (Corvallis, Oregon) and nearby areas in the Pacific Northwest, USA. We recorded grosbeaks weekly from April through early June 2023. We reviewed more than 10,000 recorded call notes to characterize the variety of calls and their configurations. We found a high diversity of call notes including at least 11 recurring readily identifiable variants of the primary flight calls, all of which were attributed to individuals thought to be type 1 birds. Geographically, the nearest neighbors of type 1 Evening Grosbeaks are type 2s, which have uncommonly been recorded in our study area but whose breeding range appears to overlap that of type 1 in southern Oregon. We quantified recordings of type 2 flight calls and compared them with type 1 flight calls, finding that linear discriminant function analyses correctly identified >95% of recordings to type. Inclusion of a metric of asymmetry in call shape improved correct classification to 98.5%. We also found that the other dominant calls given by both types, buzzy trills, could be identified correctly to type with a high level of confidence. The sufficiently different characteristics of flight calls and trills indicate that types 1 and 2 are identifiable spectrographically in most cases, providing confidence that the geographic distribution and migratory movements of call-type populations, despite being essentially identical in plumage, can be documented effectively by characteristics of call notes.