Worse cardiovascular and renal outcome in male SLE patients

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in males is rare and poorly understood. Thus, still little is known about sex differences in SLE. We set out to identify sex differences regarding clinical manifestations as well as renal and cardiovascular outcomes of SLE. We analyzed patient data from the Swiss SLE Cohort Study. Cumulative clinical manifestations according to the updated American College of Rheumatology criteria were recorded at inclusion. Cardiovascular events were recorded within Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SLICC-SDI). Renal failure was defined as eGFR