Neural Tube Defects and ZIC4 Hypomethylation in Relation to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure

Epigenetic dysregulation is one of the postulated underlying mechanisms of neural tube defects (NTDs). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of environmental pollutants that are reported as a risk factor of NTDs, may cause decreased genome-wide DNA methylation. With DNA extracted from neural tissues, this study identified gene(s) whose hypomethylation was related to elevated risk for NTDs and examined whether its hypomethylation is related to PAH exposure. Using data profiled by Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array from 10 NTD cases and eight controls, , , , , and were identified to be the top five genes in NTD-related hypomethylated gene families. Among all identified genes, had the largest number of differently methylated CpG sites ( = 13) in the promoter region and 5' UTR. Significantly decreased methylation in the promoter region and 5' UTR was verified in an independent cohort of 80 cases and 32 controls ( < 0.001) utilizing the Sequenom EpiTYPER platform. Hypomethylation of was associated with a higher risk of NTDs [adjusted OR = 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.13] in a logistic regression model. Mean methylation levels in the promoter region and 5' UTR of tended to be inversely associated with levels of high-molecular-weight PAHs in fetal liver among NTD fetuses (β [95% CI]: -0.045 [-0.091, 0.001], = 0.054). Six and three CpG sites in the promoter region and 5' UTR were inversely correlated with antioxidant indicators and protein oxidation markers ( : -0.45 to -0.75, < 0.05) in fetal neural tissues, respectively. In a whole-embryo cultured mouse model, hypomethylation of the promoter region and 5' UTR and upregulation of were observed, coupled with increased NTD rates after BaP exposure. The antioxidant -acetyl-L-cysteine normalized the changes observed in the BaP exposure group. Hypomethylation of the promoter region and 5' UTR may increase the risk for NTDs; oxidative stress is likely to play a role in the methylation change of in response to PAH exposure in NTD formation.