Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Pure and Ni–Fe-Codoped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Sol–Gel Autocombustion Method

Pure and Ni–Fe-codoped Zn1 – 2x Ni x Fe x O (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04) nanoparticles were effectively synthesized using a sol–gel autocombustion procedure. The structural, optical, morphological, and magnetic properties were determined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques. The XRD confirmed the purity of the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. XRD analysis further indicated that Fe and Ni successfully substituted the lattice site of Zn and generated a single-phase Zn1–2x Ni x Fe x O magnetic oxide. In addition, a significant morphological change was observed with an increase in the dopant concentration by using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The UV–vis spectroscopy analysis indicated the redshift in the optical band gap with increasing dopant concentration signifying a progressive decrease in the optical band gap. The vibrating sample magnetometer analysis revealed that the doped samples exhibited ferromagnetic properties at room temperature with an increase in the dopant concentration. Dopant concentration was confirmed by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The current results provide a vital method to improve the magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles, which may get significant attention from researchers in the field of magnetic semiconductors.