Real-time two-axis control of a spin qubit

Optimal control of qubits requires the ability to adapt continuously to their ever-changing environment. We demonstrate a real-time control protocol for a two-electron singlet-triplet qubit with two fluctuating Hamiltonian parameters. Our approach leverages single-shot readout classification and dynamic waveform generation, allowing full Hamiltonian estimation to dynamically stabilize and optimize the qubit performance. Powered by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), the quantum control electronics estimates the Overhauser field gradient between the two electrons in real time, enabling controlled Overhauser-driven spin rotations and thus bypassing the need for micromagnets or nuclear polarization protocols. It also estimates the exchange interaction between the two electrons and adjusts their detuning, resulting in extended coherence of Hadamard rotations when correcting for fluctuations of both qubit axes. Our study highlights the role of feedback in enhancing the performance and stability of quantum devices affected by quasistatic noise. Real-time adaptive control of a qubit has been demonstrated but limited to single-axis Hamiltonian estimation. Here the authors implement two-axis control of a singlet-triplet spin qubit with two fluctuating Hamiltonian parameters, resulting in improved quality of coherent oscillations.