Assessing rice (Oryza sativa L.) quality: A comprehensive review of current techniques and future directions

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain quality (RGQ) is a multifaceted trait influenced by various factors, including milling quality, appearance, sensory and nutritional properties, and hygiene. As the demand for high-quality rice increases globally, understanding the genetic factors contributing to rice quality is crucial for breeders and seed companies to meet consumer demands. Genetic studies have identified numerous genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with grain quality, although these traits are complex. Grain size, shape, and weight are important factors that influence rice yield and market value. Accurate measurement of RGQ parameters is essential for successful rice breeding. The availability of the entire rice genome sequence and annotation has provided valuable insights into the genetic control of rice phenotypes. Consumer preferences, cultural differences, and market demands shape the demand for high-quality rice, with different regions favoring specific grain characteristics. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current developments and prospects of RGQ assessment methods and determination tools. Additionally, this article focuses on elite genes and their applications in breeding practices to quickly develop superior-quality rice varieties that meet various consumer demands. Future research should focus on enhancing grain quality traits through genetic improvement and developing nutrient-dense rice varieties to address malnutrition and value addition in rice breeding programs.