Frailty and the risk of all‐cause mortality and hospitalization in chronic heart failure: a meta‐analysis

To estimate the risk of all‐cause mortality and hospitalization in frail patients with chronic heart failure (HF), a systematic search and meta‐analysis was carried out to identify all prospective cohort studies conducted among adults with HF where frailty was quantified and related to the primary endpoints of all‐cause mortality and/or hospitalization. Twenty‐nine studies reporting the link between frailty and all‐cause mortality in 18 757 patients were available for the meta‐analysis, along with 11 studies, with 13 525 patients, reporting the association between frailty and hospitalization. Frailty was a predictor of all‐cause mortality and hospitalization with summary hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.48 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31–1.65, P