Two-Year Follow-up on Laparoscopic Three-Dimensional Printed Extravascular Stent Placement for Posterior Nutcracker Syndrome

The extravascular stent was shown to be safe postoperatively without migration, collapse, or erosion. Since extravascular stent implantation was here relatively simple, the operation was easily completed using laparoscopic technology, making it a less invasive alternative to LRV transposition and open surgery. [...]a patient-specific 3D printed extravascular stent was made for the treatment of PNS, and the laparoscopic implantation of the stent was conducted successfully. [...]3D printed extravascular stents with titanium alloy might be a minimally invasive, safe, and effective technique for PNS.