A novel murine model of rhinoscleroma identifies Mikulicz cells, the disease signature, as IL‐10 dependent derivatives of inflammatory monocytes

Rhinoscleroma is a human specific chronic disease characterized by the formation of granuloma in the airways, caused by the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies rhinoscleromatis , a species very closely related to K. pneumoniae subspecies pneumoniae . It is characterized by the appearance of specific foamy macrophages called Mikulicz cells. However, very little is known about the pathophysiological processes underlying rhinoscleroma. Herein, we characterized a murine model recapitulating the formation of Mikulicz cells in lungs and identified them as atypical inflammatory monocytes specifically recruited from the bone marrow upon K. rhinoscleromatis infection in a CCR2‐independent manner. While K. pneumoniae and K. rhinoscleromatis infections induced a classical inflammatory reaction, K. rhinoscleromatis infection was characterized by a strong production of IL‐10 concomitant to the appearance of Mikulicz cells. Strikingly, in the absence of IL‐10, very few Mikulicz cells were observed, confirming a crucial role of IL‐10 in the establishment of a proper environment leading to the maturation of these atypical monocytes. This is the first characterization of the environment leading to Mikulicz cells maturation and their identification as inflammatory monocytes. Graphical Abstract Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis causes rhinoscleroma, a neglected infectious lung disease featuring Mikulicz cells, atypical phagocytes containing the bacteria. Maturation of inflammatory monocytes into Mikulicz cells is shown here to be IL‐10‐dependent.