The role of planetary boundaries in assessing absolute environmental sustainability across scales

•The concept of absolute environmental sustainability (AES) has not yet influenced policies.•AES indicators informed by planetary boundaries (PBs) are emerging.•We examine the role of PBs in assessing AES across scales and present a critique of the progress made.•Consensus need to be sought in standardising and harmonising safe operating spaces.•Respecting biophysical limits and improving human well-being should be formulated in AES indicators. The idea of revisiting the biophysical limits of human life on planet Earth has gained renewed momentum in the Anthropocene. The planetary boundaries (PBs) framework has emerged as a strong guardrail concept, even though its capacity to inform the development of absolute sustainability assessments and realistic policies remains unclear. In this paper, we present a current synthesis of the development of absolute environmental sustainability (AES) indicators and assessments informed by PBs. We firstly explore how PBs have been considered in AES research at different scales. We then present a critique of how consensus could be reached in standardising and harmonising the share of globally and locally allocated safe operating spaces. We argue that PBs must be linked to human consumption as the main socio-economic driver and that planetary concerns can only be addressed through a holistic perspective that encompasses global tele-connections. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations for the future design of AES indicators and assessments informed by PBs.