Analysis of spatial-temporal variations in landslide susceptibility assessment considering surface deformation and land use dynamics

Objective To investigate the spatial-temporal variations in landslide susceptibility due to human engineering activities in resettled urban areas. Methods This study focuses on the new urban area of Yunyang County in the Three Gorges Reservoir region. Landslide susceptibility time-varying index factors were introduced to map spatial-temporal susceptibility differences and explore the spatial-temporal evolution of landslide disasters during urbanization in resettled urban areas. First, the stacking ensemble model was selected as the static susceptibility evaluation model. Then, the InSAR deformation rates and land use types over three distinct time spans (namely, January 16, 2017, to August 27, 2018 (T1), September 20, 2018, to July 30, 2021 (T2), and August 23, 2021, to November 17, 2023 (T3)) were selected as time-varying factors. Last, the time-varying factors were combined with the static evaluation results to create susceptibility difference distribution maps for the different periods. Results The study r