Development of Temanggung Robusta Coffee: Findings and Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia

Temanggung robusta coffee is a potential plantation commodity in Central Java that has existed since the colonial era. Its development has gone through various policies, both from the top down and bottom up. This research was based on empirical facts and phenomena on the development of Temanggung robusta coffee. The researchers conducted participatory observations, discussions, and in-depth interviews with 15 informants. Data analysis was done through a socio-historical and descriptive approach to accurately understand the evidence, history, and correlations between phenomena. This study’s results prove that the transformation stage of Temanggung robusta coffee began in the era of forced cultivation of “Koffie Stelsel” through patron-client relationships. This development continues to experience socio-cultural shifts with a variety of different policies. Currently, three sectors are the main players in Temanggung robusta coffee (government, large private plantations, and the community). The factors causing the success of Temanggung coffee not to be achieved are 1) the large area of land but low productivity; 2) the process of randomly picking coffee; 3) policies that are not yet optimal; 4) minimal market share; 5) the capacity of extension agents in the coffee commodity is still low; 6) lack of cooperation between stakeholders. Kopi robusta Temanggung adalah komoditas perkebunan potensial di Jawa Tengah dan telah ada sejak era kolonial. Pengembangannya telah melalui berbagai kebijakan, baik bersifat top-down maupun bottom-up. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada fakta empiris dan fenomena perkembangan kopi robusta Temanggung. Para peneliti melakukan observasi partisipatif, diskusi, dan wawancara mendalam dengan 15 informan. Analisis data dilakukan melalui pendekatan sosio-historis dan deskriptif untuk mendapatkan gambaran akurat tentang bukti, sejarah, dan korelasi antara fenomena. Hasil dari penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa tahap transformasi kopi robusta Temanggung dimulai pada era penanaman paksa "Koffie Stelsel" melalui hubungan patron-klien. Perkembangan ini terus mengalami pergeseran sosial-budaya dengan berbagai kebijakan yang berbeda. Saat ini, terdapat tiga sektor yang menjadi pemain utama dalam kopi robusta Temanggung (pemerintah, perkebunan swasta besar, dan masyarakat). Faktor-faktor penyebab belum tercapainya keberhasilan kopi Temanggung adalah; 1) lahan yang luas namun produktivitas rendah; 2) proses pemetikan kopi secara sembarangan.; 3) kebijaka