Strength characteristics and damage constitutive model of sandstone under hydro-mechanical coupling

To study the mechanical properties of saturated sandstone, experiments were conducted under hydro-mechanical coupling on saturated sandstone. A damage constitutive model was established to describe the response of saturated sandstone under pore pressure, and its validity was verified using the results of the triaxial tests. The results indicate that the peak strength ( ), effective peak strength ( ′), residual strength ( ), effective normal stress ( ′), effective shear strength ( ′), elasticity modulus ( ), and rupture angle ( ) of sandstone are positively correlated with the confining pressure ( ) and negatively correlated with the pore pressure ( ). Conversely, Poisson’s ratio ( ) exhibits an opposite relationship. The model parameters exhibit non-linear relationships with the confining pressure ( ), with the parameter decreasing gradually as the confining pressure increases, and the parameter increasing with higher confining pressure ( ). Moreover, the pore pressure ( ) and the confining pressure ( ) significantly affect the damage variables ( ), with the stress value at the damage initiation point increasing with increasing confining pressure ( ), while the strain value at the damage initiation point decreasing with increasing pore pressure ( ), indicating that pore pressure induces damage development in rocks.