High Consistency of Structure-Based Design and X-Ray Crystallography: Design, Synthesis, Kinetic Evaluation and Crystallographic Binding Mode Determination of Biphenyl- N -acyl-β-d-Glucopyranosylamines as Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors

Structure-based design and synthesis of two biphenyl- -acyl-β-d-glucopyranosylamine derivatives as well as their assessment as inhibitors of human liver glycogen phosphorylase (hlGPa, a pharmaceutical target for type 2 diabetes) is presented. X-ray crystallography revealed the importance of structural water molecules and that the inhibitory efficacy correlates with the degree of disturbance caused by the inhibitor binding to a loop crucial for the catalytic mechanism. The in silico-derived models of the binding mode generated during the design process corresponded very well with the crystallographic data.