Coordinated Operation and Control of Combined Electricity and Natural Gas Systems with Thermal Storage

[...]the coordination of the hybrid energy systems should consider the benefits of both grid operators and CHP owners other than only one aspect, which is rarely researched in the reviewed literature. [...]the regulation capability of CHP unit should be utilized to guarantee that both electricity networks and natural gas systems are in normal conditions, like the utilization of auxiliary services for power systems. According to reports provided by U.S. Department of Energy [27], CHP systems with low power to heat ratio, typically C ≤ 0.75, are currently cost effective in many markets and applications. [...]SER is an index representing the degree of system running out of normal operation. Because SER is capable of describing both electric power networks and natural gas systems, it is adopted in this paper for system state evaluation.