Pulmonary tumor embolism secondary to urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder: case report and literature review

Background Tumor embolism is the least well-described cause of pulmonary embolism, taking into account the non-specificity of radiographic and nuclear imaging results, the necessity of anatomopathological evidence and the frequency of deep venous thrombosis in the course of solid tumors, suggesting thus thromboembolism. Case presentation We report a rare case of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder associated with persistent pulmonary embolism despite being on different anticoagulation regimens, the patient was ultimately found to have tumor thrombus in the pulmonary trunk secondary to tumoral extension. We provide a literature review as well about the diagnosis, evaluation and prognosis and of this rare clinical entity. Conclusions Our case highlights the importance of keeping this unusual etiology in mind, particularly when faced with pulmonary embolism occurring in the context of a solid tumor and the ineffectiveness of various anticoagulation protocols. Furthermore, it emphasizes the pivotal role of cytology in confirming diagnosis and guiding therapy.