A New Spectral Index for Monitoring Leaf Area Index of Winter Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.) under Different Coverage Methods and Nitrogen Treatments

The leaf area index (LAI) is a crucial physiological indicator of crop growth. This paper introduces a new spectral index to overcome angle effects in estimating the LAI of crops. This study quantitatively analyzes the relationship between LAI and multi-angle hyperspectral reflectance from the canopy of winter oilseed rape ( L.) at various growth stages, nitrogen application levels and coverage methods. The angular stability of 16 traditional vegetation indices (VIs) for monitoring the LAI was tested under nine view zenith angles (VZAs). These multi-angle VIs were input into machine learning models including support vector machine (SVM), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and Random Forest (RF) to determine the optimal monitoring strategy. The results indicated that the back-scattering direction outperformed the vertical and forward-scattering direction in terms of monitoring the LAI. In the solar principal plane (SPP), EVI-1 and REP showed angle stability and high accuracy in monitoring the LAI. Nevertheless, this relationship was influenced by experimental conditions and growth stages. Compared with traditional VIs, the observation perspective insensitivity vegetation index (OPIVI) had the highest correlation with the LAI (r = 0.77-0.85). The linear regression model based on single-angle OPIVI was most accurate at -15° (R = 0.71). The LAI monitoring achieved using a multi-angle OPIVI-RF model had the higher accuracy, with an R of 0.77 and with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.38 cm ·cm . This study provides valuable insights for selecting VIs that overcome the angle effect in future drone and satellite applications.