Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome: Understanding pathophysiology with exosome technology

Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) refers to a range of neuro-ophthalmic alterations that have been documented following extended periods of space travel. The precise etiology and pathophysiology of SANS remain incompletely understood. Nevertheless, it poses a unique physiological challenge for upcoming space expeditions. At present, countermeasures consist of the implementation of lower body negative pressure and the utilization of pressurized goggles. According to recent studies, the utilization of exosome technology could also potentially provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of SANS and aid in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the field of space medicine. Exosomes, which are small vesicles discharged by cells, have a pivotal function in intercellular communication. These vesicles can be extracted from bodily fluids to assess the health parameters of astronauts throughout spaceflight and potentially detect biomarkers of health hazards related to spaceflight. Scientific databases such as PubMed and relevant research articles were analyzed.