Pinus koraiensis Essential Oil Attenuates the Pathogenicity of Superbacteria by Suppressing Virulence Gene Expression

In the quest to combat infections attributable to antibiotic-resistant superbacteria, an essential oil derived from the needles of Sieb. et Zucc. (PKEO) has emerged as a promising solution. In this study, we demonstrate that PKEO can be used to inhibit the growth, glucose metabolite acidogenicity, and biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Quantitative PCR analysis provided direct evidence that PKEO reduces the mRNA expression of the accessory gene regulator A ( ) and staphylococcal accessory regulator A ( ), thereby indicating its inhibitory effect on pathogenic regulatory genes. Chromatographic analyses of PKEO identified terpene hydrocarbons as prominent essential oil constituents. These compounds, notably α-pinene, limonene, and β-caryophyllene, have been established to have antimicrobial properties. Our findings indicate that an oil derived from can effectively combat antibiotic-resistant strains by disrupting the pathogenicity regulatory system, thereby establishing PKEO as a promising candidate for the treatment of MRSA infections.