A review on surface modification in the development of electrochemical biosensor for malathion

Malathion is an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide primarily used in agriculture and domestic settings for the eradication and control of pests. Even at low toxicity for humans, the exposure of malathion has deterioration effects towards the respiratory tracts, nervous system, and may also lead to death. The standard identification methods for malathion have its own drawbacks due to the complexity, limited portability, and high cost in operation. Hence, recent development of electrochemical analysis as an alternative approach is advantageous to be more rapid, flexible, and simpler in automation. Furthermore, the electrochemical techniques with modification and immobilization on the electrode surface have shown beyond doubt to enhance the analytical abilities of malathion sensing. One of the supplementary modifications is the implementation of biological recognition elements such as enzymes, nucleic acids, and antibodies to increase sensing quality of interest. This manuscript focused on evaluating the functional materials in surface modification for detection of malathion, especially ones that include electrochemical techniques and biological receptors. The reviewed discussions concluded the analytical performances of electrochemical sensors for malathion, specifically in different modification strategies of surface matrix and type of probes used. These reviews aim to contribute general comprehension for the various combinations of electrochemical analysis, modified surfaces, and biological receptors that are administered in studies toward detection of malathion. •The generations and development strategies for types of sensor in detection of malathion.•Evaluation of the different components in surface immobilization for detection of malathion.•The analytical performances of electrochemical sensors, biosensors, and electrochemical biosensors for malathion, specifically in modification strategies of surface matrix and probes.•Summary of various combinations of electrochemical analysis, modified surfaces, and biological receptor that were utilised for detection of malathion.