Lyophilized Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Increase Muscle Reperfusion but Degrade Muscle Structural Proteins in a Mouse Model of Hindlimb Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complication impacting multiple organs and tissues in clinical conditions ranging from peripheral arterial disease to musculoskeletal trauma and myocardial infarction. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent one therapeutic resource for preventing the tissue damage associated with I/R injury. Here we tested the hypothesis that lyophilized extracellular vesicles derived from adipose stem cells could serve as an "off-the-shelf" treatment modality for I/R injury in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model. Ischemia was induced for 90 min using a rubber band tourniquet and extracellular vesicles (0, 50, or 100 µg) administered via tail vein injection immediately prior to reperfusion. Perfusion was measured prior to, during, and after ischemia using laser Doppler imaging. Serum and tissue were collected 24 h after reperfusion. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics was used to characterize the EV cargo and proteins from the ischemic and non-ischemic hindlimb. Inflammatory cytokines were measured in muscle and serum using a multiplex array. Results indicate that EVs significantly increase reperfusion and significantly increase expression of the anti-inflammatory factor annexin a1 in skeletal muscle; however, the increased reperfusion was also associated with a marked decrease in muscle structural proteins such as dystrophin, plectin, and obscurin. Circulating inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 were increased with EV treatment, and serum TNF-alpha showed a significant, positive correlation with reperfusion level. These findings suggest that, while EVs may enhance reperfusion, the increased reperfusion can negatively impact muscle tissue and possibly remote organs. Alternative approaches, such as targeting mitochondrial permeability, may be more effective at mitigating I/R injury.