Broken Symmetries and Kohn’s Theorem in Graphene Cyclotron Resonance

The cyclotron resonance of monolayer graphene, encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride and with a graphite backgate, is explored via infrared transmission magnetospectroscopy as a function of the filling factor at fixed magnetic fields. The impact of many-particle interactions in the regime of broken spin and valley symmetries is observed spectroscopically. As the occupancy of the zeroth Landau level is increased from half-filling, a nonmonotonic progression of multiple cyclotron resonance peaks is seen for several interband transitions, revealing the evolution of underlying many-particle-enhanced gaps. Analysis of the peak energies shows significant exchange enhancements of spin gaps both at and below the Fermi energy, a strong filling-factor dependence of the substrate-induced Dirac mass, and also the smallest particle-hole asymmetry reported to date in graphene cyclotron resonance.