Estimation of stream water components and residence time in a permafrost catchment in the central Tibetan Plateau using long-term water stable isotopic data

Global warming has significantly impacted the hydrological processes and ecological environment in permafrost regions. Mean residence time (MRT) is a fundamental catchment descriptor that provides hydrological information regarding storage, flow pathways, and water source within a particular catchment. However, water stable isotopes and MRT have rarely been investigated due to limited data collection in the high-altitude permafrost regions. This study uses the long-term stable isotopic observations to identify runoff components and applied the sine-wave exponential model to estimate water MRT in a high-altitude permafrost catchment (5300 m a.s.l.) in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP). We found that the isotope composition in precipitation, stream, and supra-permafrost water exhibited obvious seasonal variability. The freeze–thaw process of the permafrost active layer and direct input of precipitation significantly modified the stable isotope compositions in supra-permafrost and stream water. The hydrograph separation revealed that precipitation and supra-permafrost water accounted for 35 ± 2 % and 65 ± 2 % of the total discharge of stream water, respectively. MRT for stream and supra-permafrost water was estimated at 100 and 255 d, respectively. Such shorter MRTs of supra-permafrost and stream water (compared to the non-permafrost catchments) might reflect the unique characteristics of the hydrological process in permafrost catchments. Moreover, the MRT of supra-permafrost water was more sensitive to environmental change than that of stream water. Climate and vegetation factors affected the MRT of stream and supra-permafrost water mainly by changing the thickness of the permafrost active layer. Our results suggest that climate warming might retard the rate of water cycle in permafrost regions. Overall, our study expands our understanding of hydrological processes in high-altitude permafrost catchments under global warming.