Products of Differences over Arbitrary Finite Fields

Products of Differences over Arbitrary Finite Fields, Discrete Analysis 2018:18, 42 pp. A central problem in arithmetic combinatorics is the Erdős-Szemerédi sum-product problem, which asks whether it is true that if $A$ is a finite set of integers, then either the sumset $A+A$ or the product set $A.A$ must have size at least $|A|^{2-o(1)}$. Erdős and Szemerédi obtained a lower bound (for the size of the larger of the sumset and the product set) of $|A|^{1+c}$ for a small positive constant $c$. For a long time, the record was held by Solymosi, who obtained a bound of $n^{4/3-o(1)}$ with a beautifully simple argument. The 4/3 barrier was finally broken by Konyagin and Shkredov in 2015, and the current record, which stands at 4/3+5/5277, is held by George Shakan. In general, the notion that it is not easy for a set to have both a small sumset and a small product set is referred to as the _sum-product phenomenon_. A solution to the Erdős-Szemerédi problem still appears to require a major new idea, but there are a number of related questions for which progress is being made. An interesting variant of the problem, with many applications, concerns the sum-product phenomenon for subsets of finite fields. Here one must be careful with formulating conjectures, since a finite field can have proper subfields, and for those the sum-product phenomenon clearly does not occur. However, important results have been proved under the assumptions on the cardinality of the subset that rule out these obvious counterexamples. A general class of questions, intimately connected with the sum-product phenomenon in finite fields, is the following. Given a fixed multivariable polynomial $P$ in $k$ variables and a subset $A$ of a finite field $\mathbb F_q$, define the _image_ $P(A)$ of $A$ to be the set of all $P(a_1,\dots,a_k)$ such that the $a_i$ belong to $A$. Then if $A$ has cardinality $m$, what can be said about the size of $P(A)$? For example, if $P$ is the polynomial $xy+zw$, then this is asking for the size of the set $A.A+A.A$, which consists of all $xy+zw$ such that $x,y,z,w\in A$. The relationship with the sum-product phenomenon is obvious. Of particular interest is to determine how large $A$ has to be in order to guarantee that $P(A)$ to have size at least $cq$ for some absolute constant $q$. (One might consider asking for even more -- that $P(A)$ is almost all of $\mathbb F_q$, but as the authors show with an example, this significantly increases the size of the bound one